Accounts All Format & Entries
CA Foundation Accounting ke Chapter 1 se 33 tak ke saare formats aur journal entries, chapter wise — clean, exam-ready, copy-paste ready. 100% free.
Ch 1 — Meaning & Scope of Accounting
Accounting kya hai, kaise chalta hai aur kaun use karta hai — quick reference tables.
Accounting Process — 6 Steps
| Step | Kya hota hai | Output / Book |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Recording | Financial transactions ko source documents (bill, pass book, salary slip) se books me likhna | Journal |
| 2. Classifying | Ek jaise transactions ko ek jagah group karna | Ledger |
| 3. Summarising | Classified data se statements banana | Trial Balance, P&L A/c, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow |
| 4. Analysing | Statements ke data ko methodically samajhne layak banana | Analysis / Comparison |
| 5. Interpreting | Analysis ka matlab aur significance batana | Profitability & financial position ka judgement |
| 6. Communicating | Summarised aur interpreted information users tak pahunchana | Financial statements, ratios, reports |
Pehle 3 steps = information generate karna; last 3 = information use karna.
Book-Keeping vs Accounting
| Basis | Book-Keeping | Accounting |
|---|---|---|
| Kaam | Transactions ko record aur classify karna | Summarise, analyse, interpret aur communicate karna |
| Scope | Journal, ledger tak | Trial Balance se financial statements aur analysis tak |
| Objective | Complete aur orderly records rakhna | Result aur financial position nikalna, decisions me help |
| Level of work | Clerical | Skilled / analytical |
| Base | Source documents | Book-keeping ke records |
Sole proprietor aur partnership ke liye books ka koi specific law nahi; company ke liye Companies Act 2013.
Users of Accounting Information
| Type | User | Kya dekhte hain |
|---|---|---|
| Internal | Owners | Profit, capital growth, return on investment |
| Internal | Management | Performance, control, planning aur decisions |
| Internal | Employees | Job security, bonus, paying capacity |
| External | Investors (prospective) | Profitability aur safety of investment |
| External | Lenders / Creditors | Solvency, liquidity, repayment ability |
| External | Government / Tax authorities | Tax computation, regulation |
| External | Customers, Researchers, Public | Stability of business, industry data |
Internal aur external users ko information alag manner me present hoti hai.
Sub-Fields of Accounting
| Field | Focus | Main user |
|---|---|---|
| Financial Accounting | Past transactions record karke final accounts banana | External + Internal |
| Cost Accounting | Cost ascertain aur control karna | Management |
| Management Accounting | Decision making ke liye information generate karna | Management |
Ch 2 — Accounting Concepts, Principles & Conventions
Accounting equation ke formats aur saare concepts ek table me.
Accounting Equation — Formulas
| Formula | Use |
|---|---|
| Assets = Liabilities + Capital | Basic (dual aspect) equation |
| Capital = Assets − Liabilities | Opening / Closing capital nikalna |
| Closing Capital = Opening Capital + Profit + Capital introduced − Drawings | Capital roll-forward |
| Profit = Closing Capital − Opening Capital + Drawings − Capital introduced | Profit nikalna (Loss ho toh negative) |
Yehi formula Ch 33 (Incomplete Records — Net Worth method) me bhi kaam aata hai.
Equation Statement — Opening vs Closing
| Particulars | Opening (₹) | Closing (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| Capital | XXX | ? (balancing figure) |
| Loans | XXX | XXX |
| Trade Payables | XXX | XXX |
| Total Liabilities + Capital | XXX | XXX |
| Fixed Assets | XXX | XXX |
| Inventory | XXX | XXX |
| Trade Receivables | XXX | XXX |
| Cash & Bank | XXX | XXX |
| Total Assets | XXX | XXX |
Closing Capital = Closing Assets − Closing Liabilities; Profit = Closing Capital − Opening Capital (agar drawings/capital introduced nahi).
Transaction Analysis — Equation Approach
| Transaction | Assets (₹) | = | Liabilities (₹) | + | Capital (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Started business with cash | +XXX | = | — | + | +XXX |
| 2. Purchased goods on credit | +XXX | = | +XXX | + | — |
| 3. Paid rent | −XXX | = | — | + | −XXX |
| Balance | XXX | = | XXX | + | XXX |
Har transaction ke baad dono sides equal rehni chahiye.
Concepts — Quick Overview
| Concept | Meaning | Effect / Example |
|---|---|---|
| Entity | Business owner se alag entity hai | Owner ka personal kharcha = Drawings |
| Money Measurement | Sirf money me measure hone wale transactions record hote hain | Employees books me asset nahi; inflation ka effect ignore |
| Periodicity | Accounts har period ke baad bante hain (1 Apr – 31 Mar) | Comparison aur matching possible |
| Accrual | Income/expense tab record jab earned/incurred, cash aane-jaane pe nahi | Outstanding aur prepaid adjustments |
| Matching | Period ka expense usi period ki revenue se match hota hai | Prepaid, outstanding, unearned income |
| Going Concern | Business aage chalta rahega | Assets cost − depreciation par; long/short-term classification |
| Cost | Asset ko acquisition (historical) cost par record karte hain | Objective, par inflation me relevance kam |
| Realisation | Change in value tab record jab realise ho | Probable loss provide, gain anticipate nahi |
| Dual Aspect | Har transaction ke 2 effects — Dr aur Cr | Assets = Liabilities + Capital |
| Conservatism / Prudence | Probable losses provide karo, gains anticipate mat karo | Stock: Cost ya NRV, jo kam ho |
| Consistency | Same policies har year follow karo | Comparability; change sirf exceptional case me |
| Materiality | Sirf significant items disclose karo | Stationery ka pura kharcha usi year expense |
Fundamental Assumptions & Qualitative Characteristics
| Category | Items |
|---|---|
| Fundamental Assumptions (3) | Going Concern • Consistency • Accrual — alag disclosure nahi; follow na ho toh notes me disclose |
| Principal Qualitative Characteristics (4) | Understandability • Relevance • Reliability • Comparability |
| Other Qualitative Characteristics | Materiality • Faithful Representation • Substance over Form • Neutrality • Prudence • Full, Fair & Adequate Disclosure • Completeness |
Ch 3 — Accounting Policies
Policy select karne ke criteria aur change ke cases.
Accounting Policies — Selection & Change
| Point | Detail |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Specific principles aur unhe apply karne ke methods jo enterprise financial statements me use karta hai |
| Examples | Inventory valuation method, investments ki valuation, depreciation method |
| Selection criteria (3) | Prudence • Substance over Form • Materiality |
| Change kab allowed | (i) Statute ya Accounting Standard require kare, ya (ii) change se financial statements ki presentation better ho |
| Example of change | Inventory valuation me production overheads include karna shuru karna |
Goal: Balance Sheet aur P&L ka true and fair view.
Ch 4 — Accounting Standards
AS kya hote hain, kyun zaruri hain aur limits.
Accounting Standards — Quick Card
| Heading | Points |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Written policy documents jo recognition, measurement, presentation aur disclosure cover karte hain |
| Who issues (India) | Accounting Standards Board (ASB), constituted by ICAI |
| Objectives (2) | (i) Financial statements ki non-comparability hatana (ii) Standard policies, valuation norms aur disclosure requirements dena |
| Benefits (3) | Alternative treatments me standardisation • Extra disclosures • Comparability |
| Limitations (2) | Alternative treatments me choice ki difficulty • Scope restricted — law ko override nahi kar sakte |
Standards recognition, measurement, presentation aur disclosure — chaaron cover karte hain.
Ch 5 — Valuation Principles & Accounting Estimates
Valuation bases ka table aur estimates ke examples.
Valuation Bases — Asset vs Liability
| Basis | Assets | Liabilities |
|---|---|---|
| Historical Cost | Acquisition ke time paid cash / cash equivalent | Obligation ke badle received cash; ya normal course me expected payment |
| Current Cost | Aaj same asset kharidne me lagne wali cash | Aaj settle karne ki undiscounted cash |
| Realisable Value | Orderly sale se abhi milne wali cash | Settlement value |
| Present Value | Future net cash inflows ki discounted value | Future cash outflows ki present value |
Example: Machine ₹4,00,000 + installation ₹1,00,000 → Historical cost ₹5,00,000.
Measurement Aspects & Accounting Estimates
| Heading | Points |
|---|---|
| Measurement ke 3 aspects | Objects / events identify karna • Scale select karna (money) • Scale ka dimension evaluate karna |
| Limitation of money scale | Universal denomination nahi; time value ki wajah se stable bhi nahi |
| Accounting Estimates | Future items jinka record karna zaruri hai; assumptions aur judgement par based; revise ho sakte hain |
| Examples of estimates | Bad debts provision • Useful life • Salvage value • Inventory obsolescence • Depreciation method |
Ch 6 — Capital & Revenue Expenditure & Receipts
Expenditure aur receipts ki classification — differences aur common examples.
Capital vs Revenue Expenditure
| Basis | Capital Expenditure | Revenue Expenditure |
|---|---|---|
| Benefit | Ek se zyada accounting period | Usi period tak (mostly 1 year) |
| Effect | Revenue generating capacity badhata hai | Current revenue earn karne ke liye |
| Treatment | Balance Sheet me asset; depreciation P&L me | Seedha P&L / Trading A/c me |
| Nature | Non-recurring | Recurring (rent, salary) |
| Example | Machinery, building, installation | Salaries, rent, normal repairs, COGS |
Capital vs Revenue Receipts
| Basis | Capital Receipt | Revenue Receipt |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Normal business operations se bahar | Normal course of business se earned |
| Treatment | P&L me seedha credit nahi | P&L A/c me credit |
| Example | Capital introduced, loan, fixed asset ki sale | Sales, interest, dividend, commission |
Fixed asset ₹54,000 me bika (cost ₹50,000): pura ₹54,000 capital receipt; sirf profit ₹4,000 P&L me jaata hai.
5 Considerations for Classification
| # | Consideration | Idea |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nature of business | Furniture dealer ke liye furniture = stock (revenue); baaki ke liye capital |
| 2 | Recurring nature | Baar-baar hone wala = revenue |
| 3 | Purpose of expenditure | Capacity badhane wali repair = capital; normal maintenance = revenue |
| 4 | Effect on revenue generation | Sirf current period = revenue; ek se zyada period = capital |
| 5 | Materiality of amount | Chhota amount = revenue; bada amount capitalise |
Ye hard rules nahi hain — transaction ko poori tarah dekh ke judgement lagana hota hai.
Classification Table (Common Examples)
| Item | Nature |
|---|---|
| Purchase of machinery / building | Capital |
| Freight, carriage aur installation on machinery | Capital |
| Legal fees for purchase of land | Capital |
| Wages for constructing own building | Capital |
| Repairs jo capacity ya life badhaye | Capital |
| Normal repairs & maintenance | Revenue |
| Salaries, rent, insurance premium | Revenue |
| Purchase of raw material / goods | Revenue |
| Furniture purchased by a furniture dealer | Revenue |
| Furniture purchased by any other business | Capital |
| Heavy advertisement (long-term benefit) | Deferred revenue expenditure — kai years me spread |
Tip: sawal me "Capital ya Revenue?" aaye toh nature of business + benefit ki period dono likho.
Ch 7 — Contingent Assets & Contingent Liabilities
Provision vs Contingent Liability aur contingent asset ka treatment.
Provision vs Contingent Liability
| Basis | Provision | Contingent Liability |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Present obligation, amount uncertain par reliably estimable | Possible obligation; future uncertain event par depend |
| Recognition | Recognition criteria meet karta hai | Criteria meet nahi karta |
| Where shown | Balance Sheet ke face par liability ki tarah | Notes to accounts me disclose |
| Condition | Past event se present obligation + outflow probable + reliable estimate | Outflow probable nahi ya amount reliably estimate nahi ho sakta |
Contingent liability ko continuously assess karo — outflow probable ho jaye toh provision recognise hota hai.
Contingent Liabilities — Notes Format
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Claims against the entity not acknowledged as debt | XXX |
| Guarantees given in respect of third parties | XXX |
| Bills discounted (liability) | XXX |
| Statutory liabilities under dispute (e.g., GST penalty under appeal) | XXX |
GST penalty ka appeal: haarne ka estimate ho toh Provision; jeetne ka estimate ho toh Contingent Liability.
Contingent Asset — Treatment
| Point | Detail |
|---|---|
| Meaning | Possible asset jo future uncertain event se confirm hoga (entity ke control ke bahar), jaise claim filed |
| Accounting / Disclosure | Financial statements me recognise ya disclose nahi hota (prudence) |
| Kahan mention hota hai | Report of Board of Directors / approving authority me |
| Kab change | Inflow probable aur amount reliably estimable ho jaye toh us period ke financial statements me disclose |
Ch 8 — Journal Entries & Accounting Equation
Journal format, debit-credit rules aur sabse common entries ek jagah.
Journal Entry Format
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Debit (₹) | Credit (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__/____ | Account to be Debited Dr. To Account to be Credited | — | XXX | XXX |
| (Being narration — reason for the entry) | ||||
Rule: Debit what comes in / all expenses & losses; Credit what goes out / all incomes & gains.
Debit / Credit Rules — Traditional Approach
| Type of Account | Debit | Credit |
|---|---|---|
| Personal | Receiver | Giver |
| Real | What comes in | What goes out |
| Nominal | Expenses & Losses | Incomes & Gains |
Debit / Credit Rules — Modern (Accounting Equation) Approach
| Element | Increase | Decrease |
|---|---|---|
| Assets | Debit | Credit |
| Expenses | Debit | Credit |
| Liabilities | Credit | Debit |
| Capital | Credit | Debit |
| Income | Credit | Debit |
Dono approaches me accounts affected aur entries same rehti hain; sirf analysis ka tarika alag hai.
Common Journal Entries — Quick Sheet
Asset kharidte time carriage, freight aur installation asset ke cost me jaate hain — Purchases ya expense me nahi.
Ch 9 — Ledgers
Ledger account ka format aur balancing ke rules.
Ledger Account — Full Format
| Date | Particulars | J.F. | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | To Balance b/d | — | XXX |
| __/__ | To [Other A/c] | J.F. | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| Date | Particulars | J.F. | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | By [Other A/c] | J.F. | XXX |
| __/__ | By Balance c/d | XXX | |
| Total | XXX |
Posting rule: Dr side pe "To [contra account]", Cr side pe "By [contra account]".
Ledger Balancing — Steps
| Step | Kya karna hai |
|---|---|
| 1 | Dono sides ka total nikalo |
| 2 | Chhoti side pe difference "Balance c/d" likh ke dono totals barabar karo |
| 3 | Agla period shuru hote hi "Balance b/d" ko bade total wali ke opposite side pe likho |
| 4 | Debit balance = Assets, Expenses, Losses; Credit balance = Liabilities, Capital, Incomes |
| 5 | Nominal accounts P&L me transfer hote hain — un par b/d carry nahi hota |
Personal aur Real accounts ke balance next year carry forward hote hain.
Ch 10 — Trial Balance
Trial Balance ke teeno methods — Balance, Total, aur Total & Balance.
Trial Balance — Balance Method
| Particulars | L.F. | Debit Balance (₹) | Credit Balance (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assets, Expenses, Drawings, Purchases | XXX | — | |
| Liabilities, Income, Capital, Sales | — | XXX | |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
Dono columns ka total match hona chahiye — agar nahi hota toh difference Suspense A/c me jaata hai.
Trial Balance — Total Method
| Particulars | L.F. | Total Debit (₹) | Total Credit (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Account Name] | XXX | XXX | |
| [Account Name] | XXX | XXX | |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
Har ledger ka Dr side total aur Cr side total (balance nikalne se pehle) seedha uthate hain.
Trial Balance — Total & Balance Method
| Particulars | L.F. | Total Dr (₹) | Total Cr (₹) | Dr Balance (₹) | Cr Balance (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Account Name] | XXX | XXX | XXX | — | |
| [Account Name] | XXX | XXX | — | XXX | |
| Total | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Trial Balance — Kaun Sa Item Kis Side
| Debit Side | Credit Side |
|---|---|
| Assets (cash, bank, debtors, stock, machinery, furniture) | Liabilities (creditors, loans, outstanding expenses) |
| Expenses & Losses | Incomes & Gains (discount received, commission, interest received) |
| Purchases, Sales Returns, Carriage Inward | Sales, Purchase Returns |
| Drawings, Opening Stock | Capital, Reserves, Provisions |
Closing Stock TB me tabhi aata hai jab adjustment ke bajay direct diya ho; warna Trading A/c ke Cr me aur Balance Sheet me jaata hai.
Ch 11 — Cash Book
Simple, Triple Column aur Petty Cash Book ke standard formats.
Simple (Single Column) Cash Book
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Cash (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | To Balance b/d | XXX | |
| __/__ | To [Account] (received from) | XXX | |
| Total | XXX |
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Cash (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | By [Account] (paid to) | XXX | |
| __/__ | By Balance c/d | XXX | |
| Total | XXX |
Cash Book khud Cash A/c ka ledger bhi hai — isse alag se ledger me post nahi karte.
Triple Column Cash Book (Discount, Cash, Bank)
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Disc. Allowed | Cash | Bank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | To Balance b/d | — | XXX | XXX | |
| __/__ | To [Debtor A/c] | XXX | XXX | XXX | |
| __/__ | To Cash A/c (deposited) | C | — | — | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Date | Particulars | L.F. | Disc. Received | Cash | Bank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | By [Creditor A/c] | XXX | XXX | XXX | |
| __/__ | By Bank A/c (deposited) | C | — | XXX | — |
| __/__ | By Balance c/d | — | XXX | XXX | |
| Total | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Contra entry (C): cash ↔ bank transfer dono columns me aata hai. Discount column ka Dr total → Discount Allowed A/c (Dr); Cr total → Discount Received A/c (Cr). Question me kaha ho "cheques first treated as cash receipts" toh cheque pehle Cash column me, deposit hone par Bank me.
Petty Cash Book — Imprest System (Columnar)
| Receipts (₹) | Date | Particulars | V. No. | Total Payment (₹) | Postage | Stationery | Travelling | Cartage | Sundry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XXX | __/__ | To Balance b/d | |||||||
| XXX | __/__ | To Cash (imprest received) | |||||||
| __/__ | By [Expense paid] | 1 | XXX | XXX | |||||
| __/__ | By [Expense paid] | 2 | XXX | XXX | |||||
| Total | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | |||
| __/__ | By Balance c/d | XXX | |||||||
| XXX | XXX | ||||||||
| XXX | __/__ | To Balance b/d | |||||||
| XXX | __/__ | To Cash (reimbursement = total spent) |
Imprest system: fixed amount (imprest) deta hai; period ke end me jitna kharch hua utna hi wapas milta hai, taaki opening balance imprest ke barabar ho jaye. Analysis columns ke totals related expense accounts me post hote hain.
Ch 12 — Subsidiary Books
Purchase, Sales aur Returns Books ke formats + posting rules.
Purchase Book
| Date | Particulars (Supplier) | Inward Invoice No. | L.F. | Details (₹) | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | [Supplier name, City] — Dr. | ||||
| [Quantity] × [Item] @ ₹[Rate] | XXX | ||||
| Less: Trade Discount @ __% | (XXX) | XXX | |||
| Total posted to Purchases A/c (Dr.) | XXX |
Sirf credit purchases of goods yahan aati hain. Total → Purchases A/c ke Dr me; har supplier ke account me Cr. Trade discount purchase book me hi minus ho jaata hai — alag record nahi.
Sales Book
| Date | Particulars (Customer) | Outward Invoice No. | L.F. | Details (₹) | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | [Customer name, City] — Dr. | ||||
| [Quantity] × [Item] @ ₹[Rate] | XXX | ||||
| Less: Trade Discount @ __% | (XXX) | XXX | |||
| Total posted to Sales A/c (Cr.) | XXX |
Sirf credit sales of goods. Total → Sales A/c ke Cr me; har customer ke account me Dr.
Purchases Returns Book (Returns Outward)
| Date | Debit Note No. | Particulars | L.F. | Details (₹) | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | ___ | [Supplier name] — Dr. | |||
| [Quantity] × [Item] returned @ ₹[Rate] | XXX | ||||
| Less: Trade Discount @ __% | (XXX) | XXX | |||
| Total posted to Purchases Returns A/c (Cr.) | XXX |
Supplier ko Debit Note bheja jaata hai. Total → Purchases Returns A/c ke Cr me; supplier ke account me Dr.
Sales Returns Book (Returns Inward)
| Date | Credit Note No. | Particulars | L.F. | Details (₹) | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | ___ | [Customer name] — Cr. | |||
| [Quantity] × [Item] returned @ ₹[Rate] | XXX | ||||
| Less: Trade Discount @ __% | (XXX) | XXX | |||
| Total posted to Sales Returns A/c (Dr.) | XXX |
Customer ko Credit Note bheja jaata hai. Total → Sales Returns A/c ke Dr me; customer ke account me Cr.
Subsidiary Books — Kya Kahan Jaata Hai
| Book | Records | Total Posted To | Party Account |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purchase Book | Credit purchase of goods | Purchases A/c — Dr. | Supplier — Cr. |
| Sales Book | Credit sale of goods | Sales A/c — Cr. | Customer — Dr. |
| Purchases Returns Book | Goods returned to supplier | Purchases Returns A/c — Cr. | Supplier — Dr. |
| Sales Returns Book | Goods returned by customer | Sales Returns A/c — Dr. | Customer — Cr. |
| Cash Book | Cash & bank receipts / payments | Khud ledger bhi hai | Party accounts me post |
| Journal Proper | Opening, closing, adjustment, rectification, credit purchase/sale of assets | Alag Dr/Cr entries | — |
Credit purchase of assets (jaise furniture) Purchase Book me nahi — Journal Proper me jaati hai.
Ch 13 — Rectification of Errors
Errors ka classification, rectification patterns, Suspense A/c aur corrected profit ke formats.
Types of Errors
| Type | Meaning | TB pe effect | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Error of Omission | Transaction record hi nahi hua (complete) ya ek side chhoot gayi (partial) | Complete: nahi; Partial: haan | Credit sale book me nahi likhi |
| Error of Commission | Galat account ya galat amount / side me posting | Kabhi haan, kabhi nahi | Ram ki jagah Shyam ke account me post |
| Error of Principle | Capital-revenue ka fark; accounting principle violate | Nahi | Furniture ki purchase Purchases A/c me |
| Compensating Errors | Do ya zyada errors jo ek dusre ko cancel kar dein | Nahi | Ek account ₹100 zyada Dr, dusra ₹100 zyada Cr |
Do-sided errors (TB agree rehta hai) normal entry se; one-sided errors (TB disagree) Suspense A/c se rectify hote hain.
Rectification — Common Patterns
Rule: pehle dekho error ne konse accounts galat kiye, phir "sahi entry − galat entry" ka net nikalo. TB me difference aaya ho toh ek side Suspense me.
Suspense Account (Rectification of Errors)
| To Balance b/d (difference in T.B.) | XXX |
| To [Account short-debited] | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By [Account short-credited] | XXX |
| By Balance c/d (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Sirf one-sided errors (jo Trial Balance ka total galat karte hain) Suspense A/c se rectify hote hain — two-sided errors ke liye normal journal entry. Sahi rectification ke baad Suspense A/c ka balance zero hona chahiye.
Profit & Loss Adjustment A/c (Pichhle Year ke Errors)
| To [Expense omitted / income wrongly credited] | XXX |
| To Suspense A/c (if written off earlier — reversed) | XXX |
| To Net Profit transferred to Capital A/c | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By [Income omitted / expense wrongly debited] | XXX |
| By Net Loss transferred to Capital A/c | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Jab errors pichhle year ke profit ko affect karte hain (jaise pichhle year TB difference P&L me write off kiya tha) toh us year ka profit is account se adjust hota hai. Balance Capital A/c me jaata hai.
Statement of Corrected Net Profit
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Net Profit as per books | XXX |
| Add: Expenses wrongly debited / Incomes omitted | XXX |
| Less: Expenses omitted / Incomes wrongly credited | (XXX) |
| Corrected Net Profit | XXX |
Sirf woh errors profit ko affect karte hain jinme nominal account (P&L item) involved ho — Personal ya Real accounts ke errors profit change nahi karte.
Ch 14 — Bank Reconciliation Statement
Cash Book aur Pass Book dono se start hone wale BRS, adjusted Cash Book aur add/less matrix.
BRS — Starting with Cash Book Balance
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Balance as per Cash Book (Dr. / favourable) | XXX |
| Add: Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment | XXX |
| Add: Interest / Dividend credited by bank directly | XXX |
| Less: Cheques deposited but not yet cleared / credited | (XXX) |
| Less: Bank charges debited by bank | (XXX) |
| Less: Cheques dishonoured (not recorded in Cash Book) | (XXX) |
| Balance as per Pass Book | XXX |
Ye statement Cash Book se Pass Book tak pahunchta hai. Overdraft (Cr balance) se start karo toh signs reverse ho jaate hain — neeche matrix dekho.
BRS — Starting with Pass Book Balance
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Balance as per Pass Book (Cr. / favourable) | XXX |
| Add: Cheques deposited but not yet cleared / credited | XXX |
| Add: Bank charges debited by bank (not in Cash Book) | XXX |
| Add: Cheques dishonoured (not recorded in Cash Book) | XXX |
| Less: Cheques issued but not yet presented for payment | (XXX) |
| Less: Interest / Dividend credited by bank directly | (XXX) |
| Balance as per Cash Book | XXX |
Pass Book se start karne par saare Add/Less Cash Book wale se ulte ho jaate hain.
Add / Less Matrix — Chaar Starting Points
| Item | CB Dr. (fav.) → PB | CB Cr. (O/D) → PB | PB Cr. (fav.) → CB | PB Dr. (O/D) → CB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheques issued, not presented | Add | Less | Less | Add |
| Cheques deposited, not cleared | Less | Add | Add | Less |
| Direct credit by bank (interest, dividend, direct deposit) | Add | Less | Less | Add |
| Direct debit by bank (charges, dishonour, standing instruction) | Less | Add | Add | Less |
Cash Book ka Dr balance = Pass Book ka Cr balance (bank ke liye aapka paisa credit hai). Isi mirror se overdraft ka confusion door hota hai.
Adjusted Cash Book (Bank Column)
| To Balance b/d (unadjusted) | XXX |
| To Interest / Dividend credited by bank | XXX |
| To Direct deposit / collection by bank | XXX |
| To Error corrections (Cr side under-recorded) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Bank charges | XXX |
| By Cheque dishonoured | XXX |
| By Direct payments / standing instructions | XXX |
| By Balance c/d (adjusted) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Jab question kahe "cash book me adjustments karke BRS banao" tab pehle ye Adjusted Cash Book banao; timing differences (unpresented / uncleared cheques) isme nahi aate — wo sirf BRS me.
Cash Book vs Pass Book — Difference ke Reasons
| Category | Items | Cash Book adjust? |
|---|---|---|
| Timing differences | Cheques issued but not presented • Cheques deposited but not cleared | Nahi — sirf BRS me |
| Bank ki taraf ki entries (Cash Book me nahi) | Interest, dividend, bank charges, dishonour, direct deposit, standing instruction | Haan |
| Errors | Cash Book ya Pass Book me galat entry / addition | Cash Book ki error toh Cash Book me; Bank ki error toh sirf BRS me |
Ch 15 — Bills of Exchange & Promissory Notes
Bill / Promissory Note ka format, maturity & discount formula, Drawer aur Drawee ke journal entries.
Bill of Exchange vs Promissory Note — Format & Parties
| Point | Bill of Exchange | Promissory Note |
|---|---|---|
| Written by | Drawer | Maker (debtor) |
| Nature of order | Unconditional order to pay | Unconditional promise to pay |
| Parties | Drawer, Drawee (acceptor), Payee | Maker (debtor), Payee (creditor) |
| Acceptance | Drawee ka acceptance zaruri | Zaruri nahi — maker khud sign karta hai |
| Sample wording | "Three months after date pay to ______ or order ₹______ for value received." — To: Drawee; Drawer ka signature; Drawee ka acceptance | "I promise to pay ______ or order ₹______ on demand / after ___ months for value received." — Maker ka signature |
Bill me Drawee ka acceptance (signature) hona zaruri hai; Promissory Note me acceptance ki zarurat nahi.
Due Date & Discount — Formulas
| Item | Formula |
|---|---|
| Date of Maturity (Due Date) | Bill ki date (ya acceptance date) + term + 3 days of grace (on-demand bill me grace nahi) |
| Discount charged by bank | Bill amount × Discount rate × Unexpired period (in months ÷ 12 ya days ÷ 365) |
| Net proceeds on discounting | Bill amount − Discount |
| Rebate on retirement | Bill amount × Rebate rate × Period saved (due date tak baaki) |
| Interest on renewal | Old bill ke amount par rate × new period (given rate ke hisaab se) |
Month ke hisaab se term ho toh calendar months; days me ho toh exact days count karo.
Drawer / Holder ke Books — Entries
Drawee / Acceptor ke Books — Entries
Renewal & Retirement under Rebate
Renewal me old bill ka amount + interest naye bill me include hota hai; rebate me bill jaldi retire karne par discount milta hai.
Accommodation Bills (Mutual Accommodation)
Discount loss agreement ke hisaab se share hota hai (bata na ho toh barabar). Kisi bhi party ki asli liability nahi — dono ek dusre ke favour me bill accept karte hain.
Bills Receivable A/c & Bills Payable A/c
| To Balance b/d | XXX |
| To Debtors A/c (bills received) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Bank A/c (honoured / discounted) | XXX |
| By Creditors A/c (endorsed) | XXX |
| By Debtors A/c (dishonoured / renewed) | XXX |
| By Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| To Bank A/c (paid on due date) | XXX |
| To Creditors A/c (dishonoured / renewed) | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d | XXX |
| By Creditors A/c (bills accepted) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Ch 16 — Inventories
Perpetual record, cost formulas, NRV, adjusted selling price aur balance sheet date ke stock ke formats.
Perpetual Inventory Record — FIFO / LIFO
| Date | Recd Qty | Rate (₹) | Amt (₹) | Issue Qty | Rate (₹) | Amt (₹) | Bal Qty | Rate (₹) | Amt (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | XXX | XXX | XXX | — | — | — | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| __/__ | — | — | — | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| __/__ | XXX | XXX | XXX | — | — | — | XXX | XXX | XXX |
FIFO: issue sabse purane lot se — closing stock latest rates par. LIFO: issue sabse naye lot se — closing stock purane rates par. Note: AS 2 me sirf FIFO aur Weighted Average allowed hain; LIFO study-material me practice ke liye aata hai.
Weighted Average / Simple Average — Formulas
| Method | Formula |
|---|---|
| Weighted Average — Perpetual | Har purchase ke baad: (Balance ki value + New purchase value) ÷ (Balance qty + New purchase qty); issue isi naye rate par |
| Weighted Average — Periodic | Pure period ka (Opening stock value + Total purchases value) ÷ (Opening qty + Total purchased qty); closing qty isi rate par |
| Simple Average | Alag-alag purchase prices ka simple average = Σ Price ÷ Number of prices (quantity ignore) |
Closing Inventory = Closing Qty × Average Rate.
Valuation — Cost or NRV, Whichever is Lower
| Item | Historical Cost (₹) | NRV (₹) | Valued at (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| P | XXX | XXX | Lower of the two |
| Q | XXX | XXX | Lower of the two |
| R | XXX | XXX | Lower of the two |
| Value of Closing Inventory | XXX | XXX | XXX |
NRV = Estimated selling price − Estimated cost of completion − Cost necessary to make the sale. Comparison item-wise (ya similar items ke group ka) hota hai, total ka nahi.
Adjusted Selling Price (Retail) Method
| Step | Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cost of goods available for sale (Opening + Purchases net of trade discount + non-creditable taxes + freight / packaging) | XXX |
| 2 | Selling value of goods available = Sales + Closing inventory at selling price | XXX |
| 3 | Estimated Gross Margin % = (Step 2 − Step 1) ÷ Step 2 × 100 | XX% |
| 4 | Closing inventory at cost = Selling price of closing inventory × (100 − GM%) ÷ 100 | XXX |
Retail trade me jab item-wise cost nahi nikaal sakte tab use hota hai.
Stock at Balance Sheet Date (Physical Stock Baad me Hua)
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Value of stock as per physical verification (on date after B/S date) | XXX |
| Add: Goods sold after B/S date (at cost = Sales − Gross Profit) | XXX |
| Add: Purchase returns after B/S date (at cost) | XXX |
| Add: Goods sent on approval / consignment still unsold (at cost) | XXX |
| Less: Purchases after B/S date (goods received) | (XXX) |
| Less: Sales returns after B/S date (at cost) | (XXX) |
| Value of Inventory as on Balance Sheet date | XXX |
Agar stock B/S date se PEHLE liya ho toh sab signs ulte kar do. Sales ko hamesha cost par convert karo — Cost = Sales × (100 − GP% on sales) ÷ 100 ya Sales × 100 ÷ (100 + Mark-up %).
Memorandum Trading A/c (Closing Stock Estimate)
| To Opening Stock | XXX |
| To Purchases (net of returns) | XXX |
| To Direct Expenses | XXX |
| To Gross Profit (Sales × GP %) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Sales (net of returns) | XXX |
| By Closing Stock (balancing figure) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Fire / theft me stock ka estimate isi se nikalte hain. GP on cost dena ho toh pehle usse GP % on sales me convert karo: GP on Sales = Mark-up ÷ (100 + Mark-up).
Ch 17 — Depreciation & Amortisation
Methods ke formulas, journal entries, Machinery & Provision A/c, disposal, change in estimate aur revaluation.
Depreciation Methods — Formulas
| Method | Formula |
|---|---|
| Straight Line (SLM) | (Cost + Installation − Residual Value) ÷ Useful Life |
| Written Down Value (WDV) | Fixed % × Opening Book Value (har saal reducing) |
| Machine Hours Method | (Cost − Residual) ÷ Total Estimated Hours × Hours used in year |
| Units of Production | (Cost − Residual) ÷ Total Estimated Units × Units produced in year |
| Depletion (Mines / Quarry) | Cost of lease ÷ Estimated total quantity × Quantity extracted |
| Amortisation (Intangibles) | (Cost − Residual) ÷ Useful Life (SLM); patent me registration / legal fees cost me add |
Saal ke beech me kharida / becha asset: depreciation months ke hisaab se pro-rata (date of purchase se date of sale tak).
Depreciation — Journal Entries
Provision method me asset apni original cost par dikhta rehta hai; accumulated depreciation alag account me. Balance Sheet me Cost − Accumulated Depreciation = Net Block.
Machinery A/c & Provision for Depreciation A/c
| To Balance b/d | XXX |
| To Bank / Creditors A/c (additions) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Asset Disposal A/c (cost of asset sold) | XXX |
| By Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| To Asset Disposal A/c (depreciation on asset sold) | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d | XXX |
| By Depreciation A/c (current year) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Asset Disposal A/c (on sale)
| To Asset A/c (original cost) | XXX |
| To Profit on Sale (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Provision for Depreciation A/c (up to date of sale) | XXX |
| By Bank / Cash (sale proceeds) | XXX |
| By Loss on Sale (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Sale ke saal ka depreciation bhi sale date tak provide karna na bhoolo. Profit/Loss P&L me jaata hai.
Change in Useful Life / Revaluation — Revised Depreciation
| Situation | Formula |
|---|---|
| Useful life reassess | Depreciation = (Book value at that date − Residual) ÷ Remaining useful life (aage ke saalon me, retrospective nahi) |
| Revaluation + life reassess | Depreciation = (Book value ± Revaluation amount − Residual) ÷ Remaining life |
| Intangible ka period kam hua | Amortisation = Unamortised value ÷ New remaining period |
Ye changes accounting estimate ka change hain — purane saalon ka depreciation restate nahi hota.
Revaluation of PPE — Journal Entries
Pehle existing Revaluation Surplus me se loss adjust hota hai; jo bache wo P&L me jaata hai.
Asset Destroyed / Accident — Insurance Claim
Loss = Book value − Insurance claim. Claim ka amount admit ho gaya ho toh Insurance Company A/c Dr karo.
Ch 18 — Final Accounts of Non-Manufacturing Sole Proprietors
Trading, P&L, Balance Sheet, adjustments ka treatment aur commission / provision ke formulas.
Trading Account
| To Opening Stock | XXX |
| To Purchases | XXX |
| Less: Purchase Returns | (XXX) |
| To Direct Expenses (Wages, Carriage Inward, Freight, Power) | XXX |
| To Gross Profit c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Sales | XXX |
| Less: Sales Returns | (XXX) |
| By Closing Stock | XXX |
| By Gross Loss c/d (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Gross Profit/Loss Profit & Loss Account me transfer hota hai.
Profit & Loss Account
| To Gross Loss b/d (if any) | XXX |
| To Salaries, Rent, Office Expenses | XXX |
| To Selling & Distribution Expenses | XXX |
| To Depreciation | XXX |
| To Interest & Bank Charges | XXX |
| To Bad Debts & Provision for D.D. | XXX |
| To Net Profit transferred to Capital A/c | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Gross Profit b/d | XXX |
| By Discount Received | XXX |
| By Commission Received | XXX |
| By Interest & Rent Received | XXX |
| By Bad Debts Recovered | XXX |
| By Net Loss transferred to Capital A/c (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Balance Sheet
| Capital | XXX |
| Add: Net Profit | XXX |
| Less: Drawings | (XXX) |
| Long-term Loans | XXX |
| Sundry Creditors | XXX |
| Outstanding Expenses | XXX |
| Bills Payable | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| Fixed Assets (Land, Building, Machinery) | XXX |
| Less: Depreciation | (XXX) |
| Closing Stock | XXX |
| Sundry Debtors | XXX |
| Less: Provision for D.D. | (XXX) |
| Prepaid Expenses | XXX |
| Cash & Bank Balance | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Dono sides ka total hamesha equal hona chahiye — yehi Balance Sheet ka "balance" hai.
Adjustments — Double Aspect Treatment
| Adjustment | Trading / P&L A/c | Balance Sheet |
|---|---|---|
| Closing Stock | Trading A/c ke Cr me | Asset (Current) |
| Outstanding Expense | Expense me add | Liability |
| Prepaid Expense | Expense me se minus | Asset |
| Accrued Income | Income me add | Asset |
| Income received in advance | Income me se minus | Liability |
| Depreciation | P&L Dr | Asset me se minus |
| Additional Bad Debts | P&L Dr | Debtors me se minus |
| Provision for D.D. (new) | P&L Dr (new + bad debts − old provision) | Debtors me se minus |
| Interest on Capital | P&L Dr | Capital me add |
| Interest on Drawings | P&L Cr | Drawings me add (capital se kam) |
| Goods taken by proprietor | Purchases me se minus (Trading Cr) | Drawings me add |
| Goods lost (fire / theft) / Free samples | Purchases me se minus; Loss / Advertising P&L me (Insurance claim minus) | Insurance claim asset (agar mila) |
| Bad Debts Recovered | P&L Cr | — |
Har adjustment do jagah dikhta hai — ek Trading / P&L me aur ek Balance Sheet me. Ek jagah miss = Balance Sheet nahi milegi.
Bad Debts & Provision for Doubtful Debts — Working
| To Debtors A/c (bad debts, incl. additional) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Bad Debts Recovered | XXX |
| By P&L A/c (transfer) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| To Balance c/d (new provision) | XXX |
| To P&L A/c (if old provision > new) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d (old provision) | XXX |
| By P&L A/c (if new provision > old) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Naya provision = (Closing Debtors − additional bad debts) × %. P&L charge = Bad Debts + New Provision − Old Provision.
Commission on Net Profit — Formulas
| Commission on | Formula |
|---|---|
| Net Profit BEFORE charging such commission | Net Profit × Rate ÷ 100 |
| Net Profit AFTER charging such commission | Net Profit (before commission) × Rate ÷ (100 + Rate) |
Pehle pata karo commission kis profit par hai (Before / After), phir formula lagao. Bacha hua outstanding commission liability me jaata hai.
Ch 19 — Final Accounts of Manufacturing Sole Proprietors
Manufacturing A/c, cost ladder, Trading A/c aur missing figures ke formats.
Manufacturing Account
| To Opening Work-in-Progress | XXX |
| To Raw Material Consumed (Opening + Purchases + Carriage Inward − Returns − Closing) | XXX |
| To Direct Wages | XXX |
| To Direct Expenses (Royalty on production, Factory power) | XXX |
| To Factory Overheads (Rent, Insurance, Depreciation, Indirect wages) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Closing Work-in-Progress | XXX |
| By Sale of Scrap / By-product | XXX |
| By Cost of Production transferred to Trading A/c | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Cost of production Trading A/c me "Cost of goods produced" ki tarah jaata hai. Factory ka rent, insurance aur plant ka depreciation yahin aate hain; office ke expenses P&L me.
Cost Ladder — Prime Cost se Cost of Production
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Direct Material Consumed | XXX |
| Direct Wages | XXX |
| Direct Expenses | XXX |
| Prime Cost | XXX |
| Add: Factory Overheads | XXX |
| Add: Opening WIP | XXX |
| Less: Closing WIP | (XXX) |
| Less: Sale of scrap / by-product | (XXX) |
| Cost of Production (Cost of Goods Produced) | XXX |
Agar goods market price par transfer ho toh Manufacturing A/c me profit on manufacturing alag dikhta hai.
Trading Account — Manufacturer
| To Opening Stock of Finished Goods | XXX |
| To Cost of Goods Produced (from Manufacturing A/c) | XXX |
| To Purchases of Finished Goods | XXX |
| To Gross Profit c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Sales (net of returns) | XXX |
| By Closing Stock of Finished Goods | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Closing WIP Manufacturing A/c me jaata hai, finished goods ka closing stock Trading A/c me — dono mix mat karo.
Raw Material A/c & Creditors A/c (Missing Figures)
| To Opening Raw Material | XXX |
| To Purchases (net) | XXX |
| To Carriage Inward | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Closing Raw Material | XXX |
| By Raw Material Consumed (to Manufacturing A/c) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| To Bank (payments) | XXX |
| To Purchase Returns | XXX |
| To Discount Received | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d | XXX |
| By Purchases (credit) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Missing purchases nikalne ke liye pehle Creditors A/c se credit purchases, phir Raw Material A/c se consumed material.
Expense Allocation — Kaunsa Expense Kahan
| Expense | Account |
|---|---|
| Wages (direct / productive) | Manufacturing A/c |
| Carriage Inward / Freight on raw material | Manufacturing A/c (Raw Material cost) |
| Factory rent, power, insurance | Manufacturing A/c |
| Depreciation on plant & machinery | Manufacturing A/c |
| Royalty on production | Manufacturing A/c |
| Royalty on sales, Carriage Outward | P&L A/c (selling expense) |
| Office rent, salaries, office depreciation | P&L A/c |
| Selling & distribution, advertising | P&L A/c |
Jab expense factory aur office dono ke liye ho (jaise rent) toh question ka ratio use karke divide karo.
Ch 20 — Introduction to Partnership Accounts
Deed ke bina ke rules, Appropriation A/c, Capital & Current A/c aur interest ke formats.
Partnership Deed Na Ho Toh — 5 Rules
| Point | Rule |
|---|---|
| Salary / Remuneration | Kisi partner ko nahi |
| Interest on Capital | Allow nahi hota |
| Interest on Drawings | Charge nahi hota |
| Interest on Partner's Loan | 6% p.a. allow hota hai |
| Profit / Loss sharing | Barabar (equally), capital ke ratio me nahi |
Sirf tab lagta hai jab deed silent ho ya deed hi na ho.
Partnership vs LLP
| Basis | Partnership | LLP |
|---|---|---|
| Law | Indian Partnership Act 1932 | LLP Act 2008 |
| Registration | Optional | Compulsory (ROC) |
| Legal entity | Separate entity nahi | Separate legal entity, body corporate |
| Perpetual succession | Nahi | Haan |
| Partners | Min 2, Max 50 | Min 2, Max no limit |
| Liability | Unlimited | Contribution tak limited |
| Asset ownership | Partners own karte hain | LLP khud own karta hai |
Profit & Loss Appropriation A/c
| To Interest on Capital | XXX |
| To Partners' Salary / Commission | XXX |
| To Reserve (transfer) | XXX |
| To Profit transferred to Capital / Current A/cs (ratio-wise) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Net Profit b/d (from P&L A/c) | XXX |
| By Interest on Drawings | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Interest on capital sirf profit hone par (profit ki limit tak) diya jaata hai, jab tak deed me alag na ho.
Partners' Capital Accounts — Fluctuating
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| To Drawings | XXX | XXX |
| To Interest on Drawings | XXX | XXX |
| To Share of Loss | XXX | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| By Balance b/d | XXX | XXX |
| By Interest on Capital | XXX | XXX |
| By Salary / Commission | XXX | XXX |
| By Share of Profit | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
Fluctuating method me saari entries ek hi Capital A/c me.
Fixed Capital Method — Capital A/c & Current A/c
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| To Bank (capital withdrawn) | XXX | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| By Balance b/d | XXX | XXX |
| By Bank (capital introduced) | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| To Balance b/d (if debit) | XXX | XXX |
| To Drawings | XXX | XXX |
| To Interest on Drawings | XXX | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| By Balance b/d (if credit) | XXX | XXX |
| By Interest on Capital | XXX | XXX |
| By Salary / Commission | XXX | XXX |
| By Share of Profit | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
Fixed capital me Capital A/c ka balance change nahi hota jab tak capital add ya withdraw na ho.
Interest on Drawings — Average Period
| Drawings kab huye | Interest ka period |
|---|---|
| Ek saath, saal ke shuru me | 12 months |
| Ek saath, saal ke beech me | 6 months |
| Ek saath, saal ke end me | 0 month |
| Har mahine shuru me (equal) | 6.5 months average |
| Har mahine beech me (equal) | 6 months average |
| Har mahine end me (equal) | 5.5 months average |
| Date pata na ho, sirf total diya | Average 6 months |
Interest = Total Drawings × Rate × Average months ÷ 12.
Past Adjustment — Statement Format
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) | C (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amount actually credited / distributed (wrong basis) | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Amount that should have been (correct basis) | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Difference: Gain (+) / Loss (−) | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Jinka net Dr aaye unke capital / current A/c ko Dr, jinka Cr aaye unhe Cr. Total difference zero hota hai.
Ch 21 — Treatment of Goodwill in Partnership Accounts
Goodwill valuation methods, adjusted profit statement aur goodwill ke journal entries.
Goodwill Valuation — Methods
| Method | Formula |
|---|---|
| Average Profit | Average Profit × Number of Years' Purchase |
| Weighted Average Profit | Σ(Profit × Weight) ÷ Σ Weights × Years' Purchase |
| Super Profit | Super Profit (Average Profit − Normal Profit) × Years' Purchase |
| Capitalisation of Average Profit | Average Profit × 100 ÷ Normal Rate of Return − Capital Employed (Net Assets) |
| Capitalisation of Super Profit | Super Profit × 100 ÷ Normal Rate of Return |
| Annuity of Super Profit | Super Profit × Present Value Annuity Factor (n years, given rate) |
Normal Profit = Capital Employed × Normal Rate of Return ÷ 100. Capital Employed = Assets (goodwill aur fictitious assets ke bina) − Outside Liabilities.
Adjusted Profit Statement (Average Profit)
| Particulars | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Profit as per books | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Add: Abnormal losses / Non-recurring losses | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Less: Abnormal gains / Non-recurring gains | (XXX) | (XXX) | (XXX) |
| Less: Extra remuneration / Interest not charged | (XXX) | (XXX) | (XXX) |
| Adjusted Profit | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Average Profit = Total Adjusted Profits ÷ Number of years. Loss wale saal ko negative lo.
Goodwill — Journal Entries
Self-generated goodwill books me nahi dikhta; adjustment capital accounts ke through hota hai.
Change in Profit Sharing Ratio — Adjustments
Sab adjustments old ratio me; goodwill sacrifice / gain ke hisaab se alag.
Ch 22 — Admission of Partner & Change in Profit-Sharing Ratio
New ratio, sacrificing ratio, entries, capital adjustment aur revaluation ka full format.
New Ratio & Sacrificing Ratio — Format
| Partner | Old Share | Sacrifice | New Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | XXX | XXX | Old − Sacrifice |
| B | XXX | XXX | Old − Sacrifice |
| C (New) | — | — | Given share |
| Total | 1 | = New partner ka share | 1 |
Sacrificing Ratio = Old Ratio − New Ratio. Agar new partner ka share ek partner se liya ho toh sacrifice sirf usi ka; sab se ho toh proportionately / equally jaisa diya ho.
Admission — Key Entries
Goodwill ka share sacrificing ratio me; reserves aur revaluation ka profit old ratio me.
Revaluation Account
| To Decrease in value of Assets | XXX |
| To Increase in value of Liabilities | XXX |
| To Unrecorded Liabilities | XXX |
| To Profit transferred to old partners' Capital A/cs | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Increase in value of Assets | XXX |
| By Decrease in value of Liabilities | XXX |
| By Unrecorded Assets | XXX |
| By Loss transferred to old partners' Capital A/cs (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Admission, retirement ya death — teeno cases mein prepare hota hai. Profit/loss sirf OLD partners ke ratio mein baatega.
Goodwill Calculation (Hidden Goodwill)
| Step | Calculation |
|---|---|
| 1 | New Partner ka capital ÷ Uska profit share = Total capital of the firm |
| 2 | Total Capital of firm − (Old partners ka adjusted capital + New partner ka capital) = Goodwill of the firm |
| 3 | Goodwill × New partner ka share = Uska premium (goodwill) share |
Jab question me goodwill ki value directly na di ho, tab is tarah nikalte hain.
Capital Adjustment — New Ratio me
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) | C (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital after all adjustments | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Required capital (New partner ke capital ke hisaab se, new ratio me) | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Surplus (−) / Shortage (+) | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Surplus wale partner ko cash wapas ya current A/c me transfer; shortage wale se cash mangwao. Entry: Partner's Capital A/c Dr. / To Bank A/c (surplus) ya Bank A/c Dr. / To Partner's Capital A/c (shortage).
Balance Sheet — After Admission (Format)
| Capital: A | XXX |
| Capital: B | XXX |
| Capital: C (New) | XXX |
| General Reserve (if not distributed) | XXX |
| Creditors / Other Liabilities | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| Goodwill (if raised) | XXX |
| Fixed Assets (revalued) | XXX |
| Stock, Debtors | XXX |
| Cash / Bank (incl. new capital & premium) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Ch 23 — Retirement of Partner
Gaining ratio, retiring partner ka hisaab, settlement aur Joint Life Policy.
Gaining Ratio — Format
| Partner | Old Share | New Share | Gain |
|---|---|---|---|
| A (continuing) | XXX | XXX | New − Old |
| B (continuing) | XXX | XXX | New − Old |
| C (retiring) | XXX | — | — |
Gaining Ratio = New Ratio − Old Ratio. Retiring partner ka share continuing partners ko kaise mila (barabar / old ratio me / given ratio me) — question ke hisaab se new ratio banao.
Retiring Partner's Account — Amount Due
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Capital balance (b/d) | XXX |
| Add: Share of Goodwill (from gaining partners) | XXX |
| Add: Share of Reserves / Undistributed profits | XXX |
| Add: Share of Revaluation Profit | XXX |
| Add: Interest on capital / Salary due | XXX |
| Less: Drawings, Interest on drawings | (XXX) |
| Less: Share of Revaluation Loss / Accumulated Loss | (XXX) |
| Amount due to retiring partner | XXX |
Ye amount ya toh turant paid hota hai ya Retiring Partner's Loan A/c me transfer.
Retirement — Key Entries
Installments me payment ho toh har installment ke saath outstanding balance par interest bhi milta hai.
Joint Life Policy — Retirement
| Situation | Treatment |
|---|---|
| JLP A/c nahi rakha (premium P&L me expense) | Retiring partner ko policy ki surrender value me se uska share Capital A/c me credit; continuing partners debit (gaining ratio) |
| JLP A/c surrender value par maintain | Book value already surrender value hai — sirf reserve / difference ka adjust old ratio me |
| JLP Reserve maintained | JLP Reserve Dr. / To All Partners' Capital A/cs (old ratio); asset ko surrender value par laao |
Kya adjust karna hai ye question ki details par depend karta hai — pehle dekho JLP A/c maintained hai ya premium P&L me gaya.
Adjustment of Capitals after Retirement
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| Capital after all adjustments | XXX | XXX |
| Required capital (total capital × new ratio) | XXX | XXX |
| Surplus (−) / Shortage (+) | XXX | XXX |
Question me agar continuing partners ka capital new ratio me rakhne ko kaha ho tabhi.
Ch 24 — Death of Partner
Deceased partner ka hisaab, profit till death, Executors A/c aur JLP.
Deceased Partner's Account — Amount Due
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Capital balance (b/d) | XXX |
| Add: Interest on capital till date of death | XXX |
| Add: Share of Goodwill / Reserves | XXX |
| Add: Share of Revaluation profit | XXX |
| Add: Share of profit till date of death | XXX |
| Add: Share of JLP claim (as per policy) | XXX |
| Less: Drawings, Interest on drawings | (XXX) |
| Less: Share of Revaluation loss / Loss till date | (XXX) |
| Amount payable to Executors | XXX |
Ye amount Executors A/c me transfer hota hai.
Profit till Death — Time Basis & Sales Basis
| Basis | Formula |
|---|---|
| Time Basis | Last year's profit × Months elapsed ÷ 12 × Deceased partner's share |
| Sales / Turnover Basis | Last year's profit ÷ Last year's sales × Sales till date of death × Deceased partner's share |
Pichhle saal ke profit ki jagah average profit ka bhi use ho sakta hai agar question me kaha ho.
Executors Account (Deceased Partner)
| To Bank (paid) | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Deceased Partner's Capital A/c | XXX |
| By Interest on outstanding balance | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Installments me payment ho toh interest hamesha outstanding balance par calculate hota hai.
Joint Life Policy — On Death
Separate policies har partner ki life par ho toh mrit partner ka share = (uski policy ka claim + baaki policies ki surrender value) × uska profit share.
Ch 25 — Dissolution of Partnership Firms & LLP
Realisation, Partners' Capital, Bank A/c aur insolvency (Garner v Murray) ke formats.
Dissolution — Realisation Account
| To Sundry Assets (book values transferred) | XXX |
| To Bank A/c (liabilities paid off) | XXX |
| To Bank A/c (realisation expenses) | XXX |
| To Partner's Capital A/c (liability taken over) | XXX |
| To Profit transferred to Partners' Capital A/cs | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Sundry Liabilities (book values transferred) | XXX |
| By Bank A/c (assets realised) | XXX |
| By Partner's Capital A/c (asset taken over) | XXX |
| By Loss transferred to Partners' Capital A/cs (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Cash / Bank, fictitious assets aur partners ke loan / capital Realisation A/c me nahi jaate. Partner khud asset le to Capital A/c Dr., liability le to Capital A/c Cr. hota hai.
Dissolution — Journal Entries (Steps)
Partners' Capital A/cs — Dissolution
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| To Balance b/d (debit) | XXX | XXX |
| To Realisation (asset taken / loss) | XXX | XXX |
| To Bank (deficiency paid) | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
| Particulars | A (₹) | B (₹) |
|---|---|---|
| By Balance b/d | XXX | XXX |
| By Reserves | XXX | XXX |
| By Realisation (profit) | XXX | XXX |
| By Bank (final payment) | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX |
Bank Account (Dissolution)
| To Balance b/d | XXX |
| To Realisation A/c (assets sold) | XXX |
| To Partner's Capital A/c (deficiency brought in) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Realisation A/c (liabilities / expenses paid) | XXX |
| By Partner's Loan A/c | XXX |
| By Partners' Capital A/cs (final payment) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
End me Bank A/c ka balance zero hona chahiye.
Insolvent Partner — Garner v Murray
| Point | Rule |
|---|---|
| Deficiency of insolvent partner | Solvent partners bear karte hain — unke last balance sheet ke fixed capital ke ratio me |
| Realisation loss | Normal profit-sharing ratio me (insolvent partner ke saath) |
| Kya karte hain | Solvent partners ke Capital A/cs Dr. / To Insolvent Partner's Capital A/c (deficiency ko unke capital ratio me baant do) |
Solvent partners ke capital ratio ke liye realisation se pehle ka capital (last balance sheet) lo, adjustments ke baad ka nahi.
LLP Dissolution — Note
| Point | Detail |
|---|---|
| Format | Realisation, Capital aur Bank accounts ka format partnership firm jaisa hi |
| Liability | Partners ki liability unke contribution tak limited |
Ch 26 — Introduction to Company Accounts
Schedule III ke Balance Sheet aur Statement of Profit & Loss ke formats, notes ke sub-heads.
Balance Sheet — Part I of Schedule III
| Particulars | Note No. | Current period (₹) | Previous period (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| EQUITY AND LIABILITIES | |||
| 1. Shareholders' funds | |||
| a. Share Capital | xxx | xxx | |
| b. Reserves & Surplus | xxx | xxx | |
| c. Money received against share warrants | xxx | xxx | |
| 2. Share application money pending allotment | xxx | xxx | |
| 3. Non-current liabilities | |||
| a. Long-term borrowings | xxx | xxx | |
| b. Deferred tax liabilities (Net) | xxx | xxx | |
| c. Other long-term liabilities | xxx | xxx | |
| d. Long-term provisions | xxx | xxx | |
| 4. Current liabilities | |||
| a. Short-term borrowings | xxx | xxx | |
| b. Trade payables | xxx | xxx | |
| c. Other current liabilities | xxx | xxx | |
| d. Short-term provisions | xxx | xxx | |
| Total | xxx | xxx | |
| ASSETS | |||
| 1. Non-current assets | |||
| a. Property, Plant & Equipment | |||
| i. Tangible assets | xxx | xxx | |
| ii. Intangible assets | xxx | xxx | |
| iii. Capital work-in-progress | xxx | xxx | |
| iv. Intangible assets under development | xxx | xxx | |
| b. Non-current investments | xxx | xxx | |
| c. Deferred tax assets (net) | xxx | xxx | |
| d. Long-term loans & advances | xxx | xxx | |
| e. Other non-current assets | xxx | xxx | |
| 2. Current assets | |||
| a. Current investments | xxx | xxx | |
| b. Inventories | xxx | xxx | |
| c. Cash and cash equivalents | xxx | xxx | |
| d. Short-term loans and advances | xxx | xxx | |
| e. Other current assets | xxx | xxx | |
| Total | xxx | xxx |
Ye format un companies ke liye jinke liye alag form (bank, insurance, electricity) prescribed nahi hai.
Statement of Profit & Loss — Part II of Schedule III
| Particulars | Note No. | Current period (₹) | Previous period (₹) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. Revenue from operations | xxx | xxx | |
| II. Other income | xxx | xxx | |
| III. Total Revenue (I + II) | xxx | xxx | |
| IV. Expenses | |||
| Cost of materials consumed | xxx | xxx | |
| Purchase of stock-in-trade | xxx | xxx | |
| Changes in inventories of finished goods, WIP & stock-in-trade | xxx | xxx | |
| Employee benefit expense | xxx | xxx | |
| Finance costs | xxx | xxx | |
| Depreciation and amortisation expense | xxx | xxx | |
| Other expenses | xxx | xxx | |
| Total expenses | xxx | xxx | |
| V. Profit before exceptional and extraordinary items and tax (III − IV) | xxx | xxx | |
| VI. Exceptional items | xxx | xxx | |
| VII. Profit before extraordinary items and tax (V − VI) | xxx | xxx | |
| VIII. Extraordinary items | xxx | xxx | |
| IX. Profit before tax (VII − VIII) | xxx | xxx | |
| X. Tax expense | |||
| (1) Current tax | xxx | xxx | |
| (2) Deferred tax | xxx | xxx | |
| XI. Profit / (Loss) after tax from continuing operations (IX − X) | xxx | xxx | |
| XII. Profit / (Loss) from discontinuing operations | xxx | xxx | |
| XIII. Tax expense of discontinuing operations | xxx | xxx | |
| XIV. Profit / (Loss) from discontinuing operations after tax | xxx | xxx | |
| XV. Profit / (Loss) for the period (XI + XIV) | xxx | xxx | |
| XVI. Earnings per equity share | |||
| (1) Basic | xxx | xxx | |
| (2) Diluted | xxx | xxx |
Balance Sheet Notes — Sub-Heads
| Note | Sub-heads |
|---|---|
| Reserves & Surplus | Capital reserves • Capital redemption reserve • Securities premium • Debenture redemption reserve • Revaluation reserve • Surplus (P&L balance) • Other reserves |
| Long-term borrowings | Bonds / debentures • Term loans • Deferred payment liabilities • Deposits • Finance lease obligations • Loans from related parties • Other loans |
| Short-term borrowings | Loans repayable on demand • Loans from related parties • Deposits • Other loans |
| Other current liabilities | Interest accrued on borrowings • Income received in advance • Unpaid dividends • Application money due for refund • Others |
| Tangible assets | Land • Buildings • Plant & equipment • Furniture & fixtures • Vehicles • Office equipment • Others |
| Intangible assets | Goodwill • Brands / trademarks • Computer software • Mining rights • Copyrights, patents, IPR • Licence & franchise • Recipes, designs, formulae • Others |
| Inventories | Raw materials • WIP • Stores & spares • Finished goods • Loose tools • Stock-in-trade • Goods in transit |
| Cash & cash equivalents | Balances with banks • Cheques, drafts in hand • Cash in hand • Others |
Share Capital — Balance Sheet Note
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Authorised Capital (___ shares of ₹___ each) | XXX |
| Issued Capital | XXX |
| Subscribed Capital | XXX |
| Subscribed & fully paid up | XXX |
| Subscribed but not fully paid up | XXX |
| Less: Calls in Arrears | (XXX) |
| Add: Forfeited Shares A/c | XXX |
| Total (shown in Balance Sheet) | XXX |
Authorised, Issued aur Subscribed capital alag-alag dikhte hain; Balance Sheet me sirf paid-up amount (Calls in arrears minus, Forfeited add) aata hai. Shares outstanding (start vs end) reconcile karna bhi zaruri hai.
Ch 27 — Issue, Forfeiture & Re-issue of Shares
Issue entries, pro-rata allotment, forfeiture aur reissue ke formats.
Issue of Shares — Journal Entries
Over-Subscription — Pro-rata Allotment Statement
| Applicant | Applied | Allotted | Money received on application | Money required on application | Excess (adjust ya refund) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| B | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Total | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX |
Excess money pehle allotment amount me adjust hota hai, bacha hua refund. Jinko kuch nahi mila unka pura paisa refund.
Forfeiture of Shares
Forfeited amount = Amount actually received (premium mila ho toh premium bhi shamil, jise wapas nahi kiya jaata).
Reissue of Forfeited Shares
Discount max = us share par forfeited amount. Capital Reserve me sirf reissue hue shares se related balance jaata hai; baaki forfeiture balance liability me rehta hai.
Calls in Arrears & Calls in Advance
| Item | Treatment |
|---|---|
| Calls in Arrears | Share Capital (called up) me se minus — Balance Sheet me subscribed capital ke against dikhte hain |
| Calls in Advance | Liability — Other current liabilities me dikhta hai |
| Interest on Arrears / Advance | Articles of Association / question me diye rate par |
Interest ka rate question me na ho toh articles ka rate lo.
Ch 28 — Issue of Debentures
Debentures ke different issue terms ke entries aur takeover ka format.
Issue of Debentures — Journal Entries
Loss on issue of debentures asset side pe dikhta hai; jitna jaldi ho securities premium / P&L se write off karte hain.
Debenture Interest — With TDS
Business Takeover — Purchase Consideration
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Assets taken over (at agreed value) | XXX |
| Less: Liabilities taken over | (XXX) |
| Net assets = Purchase Consideration (paid by debentures / shares) | XXX |
| Difference vs consideration | Consideration zyada → Goodwill; kam → Capital Reserve |
Entries: Assets Dr. / To Liabilities / To Vendor (consideration) / To Capital Reserve ya Goodwill Dr.; phir Vendor Dr. / To Debentures (aur Securities Premium ya Discount ke saath).
Collateral Security — Do Treatments
| Method | Entry / Disclosure |
|---|---|
| No entry | Sirf notes me disclosure |
| Debentures Suspense A/c | Debentures Suspense A/c Dr. / To Debentures (Collateral) A/c; Balance Sheet me dono ko deduct karke dikhaya jaata hai |
Debenture sirf loan ki security hai, issue nahi — bank ko cash nahi milta.
Ch 29 — Bonus Issue & Rights Issue
Bonus ke sources aur entries; rights value ke formulas.
Bonus Issue — Sources & Entries
| Order of use (minimum reduction in free reserves) | Note |
|---|---|
| 1. Securities Premium (collected in cash) | Cash me collected hona chahiye |
| 2. Capital Redemption Reserve | Bonus me use ho sakta hai |
| 3. Free Reserves (General Reserve, P&L balance) | Baaki ke liye |
Bonus shares sirf fully paid hote hain — partly paid shares ko pehle call karke fully paid banao. Revaluation reserve se bonus nahi.
Rights Issue — Formulas & Entry
| Item | Formula |
|---|---|
| Number of rights shares | Existing shares × Rights ratio |
| Ex-right value | (Existing shares × Cum-right price + New shares × Issue price) ÷ (Existing + New shares) |
| Value of a right | Cum-right price − Ex-right value = (Cum-right price − Issue price) × New ÷ (Existing + New) |
Example: 1:4 ke ratio, issue price ₹125, cum-right ₹150 → Value of right = ₹5, ex-right price = ₹145.
Ch 30 — Redemption of Preference Shares
Redemption ki entries, CRR ka formula aur fresh issue ka statement.
Redemption of Preference Shares — Entries
Redemption ke liye profits ya fresh issue ke proceeds hi use ho sakte hain.
CRR — Formula
| Item | Formula |
|---|---|
| CRR to be created | Nominal value of shares redeemed − Face value of fresh shares issued (premium ignore) |
| Agar poora redemption fresh issue se | CRR nahi banta |
Fresh Issue Required — Statement
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Amount payable (Nominal + Premium on redemption) | XXX |
| Less: Cash / Bank balance available (surplus) | (XXX) |
| Shortage to be raised by fresh issue | XXX |
Minimum shares issue karne ho toh shortage ko issue price se divide karo (round up).
Ch 31 — Redemption of Debentures
DRR / DRI ka format aur redemption ke entries.
DRR & DRI — Rules & Entries
| Item | Rule (unlisted company, other than AIFI / bank / NBFC / HFC) |
|---|---|
| DRR | Outstanding debentures ka 10% (redemption se pehle create, profits se) |
| DRI | Redemption ke saal me due debentures ka 15% specified investments me (30 April se pehle) |
| Listed company | Question me diye gaye rule follow karo (DRR ki zarurat alag hoti hai) |
Redemption of Debentures — Entries
Conversion me redemption value (premium ke saath) ko shares ke issue price se divide karke shares count nikalte hain.
Ch 32 — Financial Statements of NPO
Receipts & Payments, Income & Expenditure, Balance Sheet aur special items ka treatment.
Receipts & Payments Account
| To Balance b/d (Cash & Bank) | XXX |
| To Subscriptions | XXX |
| To Donations / Entrance Fees | XXX |
| To Interest, Sale of assets | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Expenses (salaries, rent, etc.) | XXX |
| By Purchase of assets / Investments | XXX |
| By Balance c/d (Cash & Bank) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Real account, cash basis; poore year ke sab receipts aur payments (capital + revenue dono). Depreciation jaise non-cash items yahan nahi aate.
Income & Expenditure Account
| To Salaries, Rent, General Expenses (accrual basis) | XXX |
| To Depreciation | XXX |
| To Surplus transferred to Capital Fund | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Subscriptions (accrual basis) | XXX |
| By Interest, Donations (general) , Entrance fees (revenue) | XXX |
| By Deficit transferred to Capital Fund | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Nominal account, accrual basis; sirf revenue items. Capital receipts / payments isme nahi aate.
Balance Sheet of NPO
| Capital / General Fund | XXX |
| Add: Surplus / Less: Deficit | XXX |
| Special Funds (Prize / Building / Sports) | XXX |
| Outstanding Expenses | XXX |
| Subscriptions received in advance | XXX |
| Loans | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| Fixed Assets (Land, Building, Furniture, Equipment) | XXX |
| Investments (special fund investments) | XXX |
| Subscriptions receivable | XXX |
| Prepaid Expenses, Stock | XXX |
| Cash / Bank balance | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Subscription Calculation / Account
| To Balance b/d (outstanding subscription) | XXX |
| To Income & Expenditure A/c (balancing = income of the year) | XXX |
| To Balance c/d (advance received) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d (advance) | XXX |
| By Bank / Cash (received during year) | XXX |
| By Balance c/d (outstanding) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Income = Received + Closing outstanding + Opening advance − Opening outstanding − Closing advance.
Special Items — Treatment
| Item | Treatment |
|---|---|
| General donation | Income (I&E A/c ke Cr me) |
| Specific-purpose donation | Capital receipt — Fund ya specific liability |
| Legacy | Capital receipt — Capital Fund |
| Entrance / Admission fees | Deed ke hisaab se: revenue income ya capitalise (Capital Fund) |
| Life membership fees | Liability ya Capital Fund; kuch part I&E ko |
| Sale of old assets / newspaper | Sale of asset = capital (profit / loss I&E me); old newspaper = income |
| Prize fund | Interest fund me add; prizes fund se minus |
| Stock of consumables | Consumption = Opening + Purchases − Closing |
| Sports / Canteen activity | Alag Trading / Receipts vs Expenses account; net result I&E me |
Opening Capital Fund — Statement
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Total Assets (opening) | XXX |
| Less: Liabilities (opening) | (XXX) |
| Less: Special Funds (opening) | (XXX) |
| Opening Capital / General Fund | XXX |
R&P se Income & Expenditure banane ke steps: (1) non-revenue items nikalo (2) accrual adjustments (3) non-cash items (depreciation) add.
Ch 33 — Accounts from Incomplete Records
Statement of Affairs, Net Worth method aur Conversion Method ke formats.
Statement of Affairs
| Creditors | XXX |
| Bills Payable | XXX |
| Loans | XXX |
| Capital (balancing figure) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| Cash in hand, Bank | XXX |
| Stock | XXX |
| Debtors, Bills Receivable | XXX |
| Fixed Assets | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Capital = Total Assets − Outside Liabilities.
Statement of Profit — Net Worth Method
| Particulars | Amount (₹) |
|---|---|
| Closing Capital | XXX |
| Less: Opening Capital | (XXX) |
| Increase in capital | XXX |
| Add: Drawings | XXX |
| Less: Capital introduced / Fresh capital | (XXX) |
| Net Profit / (Loss) for the year | XXX |
Normal adjustments (depreciation, outstanding expenses) closing capital nikalne se pehle karo.
Conversion Method — Debtors & Creditors A/cs
| To Balance b/d | XXX |
| To Credit Sales (balancing) | XXX |
| To Bank (dishonoured cheques) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Cash / Bank received | XXX |
| By Discount Allowed, Bad Debts, Sales Returns | XXX |
| By Bills Receivable | XXX |
| By Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| To Cash / Bank paid | XXX |
| To Discount Received, Purchase Returns | XXX |
| To Bills Payable | XXX |
| To Balance c/d | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Balance b/d | XXX |
| By Credit Purchases (balancing) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Total Sales = Credit Sales + Cash Sales; Total Purchases = Credit Purchases + Cash Purchases. Bad debts nikalne ke liye bhi yahi account (balancing).
Cash & Bank Summary (Missing Figures)
| To Opening Cash & Bank | XXX |
| To Cash received from Debtors | XXX |
| To Cash Sales | XXX |
| To Capital introduced / Loan | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Payments to Creditors | XXX |
| By Expenses | XXX |
| By Drawings (balancing agar missing) | XXX |
| By Closing Cash & Bank | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Missing figure (drawings, cash purchases, cash sales) isi summary se balancing figure ke roop me nikalta hai.
Ratio Formulas — Missing Data
| Item | Formula |
|---|---|
| Gross Profit on Sales | Mark-up ÷ (100 + Mark-up) × 100 |
| Cost of Sales | Sales × (100 − GP% on sales) ÷ 100 |
| Debtors | Credit Sales × Credit period (months) ÷ 12 |
Credit period 1½ mahina ho toh Debtors = Credit Sales × 1.5 ÷ 12.
Extra — Consignment & Sale on Approval
Ye topics is PDF (new syllabus) ke 33 chapters me nahi hain; tumhare original page ka content as-is retain kiya hai.
Consignment Account (in Consignor's Books)
| To Goods Sent on Consignment | XXX |
| To Consignor's Expenses (freight, insurance) | XXX |
| To Consignee's Expenses (non-recurring) | XXX |
| To Consignee's Commission | XXX |
| To Profit transferred to P&L A/c | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
| By Consignee A/c (Sales) | XXX |
| By Abnormal Loss A/c | XXX |
| By Stock on Consignment (closing) | XXX |
| By Loss transferred to P&L A/c (if any) | XXX |
| Total | XXX |
Stock on Consignment valuation mein proportionate non-recurring expenses (freight etc.) bhi include hote hain.
Sale on Approval — Memorandum Format
Extra — Average Due Date & Account Current
Ye bhi is PDF ke syllabus me nahi hai; original page ka content retain kiya hai.
Average Due Date — Calculation Table
| Due Date | Amount (₹) | No. of Days from Base Date | Product (Amt × Days) |
|---|---|---|---|
| __/__/____ | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| __/__/____ | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Total | ΣAmount | ΣProduct |
Average Due Date = Base Date + (Total Product ÷ Total Amount) days. Base date usually earliest due date.
Account Current Format
| Date | Particulars | Amount | Days | Product |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| __/__ | To/By Balance b/d | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| __/__ | To/By [Transaction] | XXX | XXX | XXX |
| Total Products | ΣProduct | |||
| Interest = Total Product × Rate ÷ 365 (or 100×365, per given rate basis) | XXX | |||
Red-ink (negative) days tab use hote hain jab transaction date, calculation ki closing date ke baad aati hai.
Accounts All Format & Entries — FAQ
CA Foundation Accounting me kaun kaun se formats aate hain?
Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance, Cash Book, Subsidiary Books, BRS, Bills of Exchange, Inventory record, Depreciation, Trading & P&L Account, Balance Sheet, Partnership (Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution), Company Accounts (Shares, Debentures, Bonus, Rights, Redemption), NPO aur Incomplete Records ke formats.
Kya ye formats copy karke use kar sakte hain?
Haan. Har format ke saath Copy Format button hai, jisse format seedha copy hokar notes ya practice sheet me paste ho jaata hai.
Is page me kitne chapters cover hain?
Chapter 1 se Chapter 33 tak, CA Foundation Paper 1 (Principles and Practice of Accounting) ke saare chapters.
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